How to treat diabetes?Of course, insulin.Everyone knows about this, even those who are far from medicine.After all, diabetes (later - diabetes) is when sugar increases.And insulin reduces this sugar.
In general, right.If you don't take into account some of the things that are not important, at first glance, but actually the important details.
Insulin
Yes, true insulin - actually reduces high levels of sugar (more precisely - glucose) in blood plasma.
With type 1 diabetes, most of which develop at a young age, this absolute insulin deficiency is not secreted (or secreted in low quantities) with certain pancreatic structures, langanes isewashes.
No insulin - no glucose use, and further metabolic processes are pathological.If you introduce insulin in the framework of replacement therapy, then the condition can be corrected to a certain extent.
Under the influence of this drug, glucose enters where it should be - in a cage, where it is subject to separation.Metabolism is normalized.
Everything would be easy if it wasn't so difficult.The fact is that in some cases the introduction of insulin can cause major problems from its absence.The reason is hypoglycemia, a fall of glucose in the blood plasma.
An overdose of insulin affects quickly, and sometimes instantly.
The skin becomes pale, blood pressure falls, coma develops, from which the patient is very difficult to remove.
The cause of hypoglycemia is not only excessive, but also incorrect insulin administration.This medicine should be given only after taking snacks.Before the introduction of insulin, physical activity, stress is not desirable.
That is why the dose of insulin is carefully selected by the endocrinologist depending on the level of glycemia (glucose content in the blood plasma), which is determined by the laboratory method.
Daily doses depend on the level of glycemia, the course of diabetes, and is determined by the doctor individually for each patient.
The typical breakdown of this dose is 30% before breakfast, 35% - before lunch, 25% - before dinner, and 10% at night.
Although these numbers can vary depending on the way of life, work.And to choose the right insulin with the first detected diabetes, the diabetes mellitus that cannot be detected, can be lost for several days.Landmark is the same - laboratory clues.
Due to the high rice hypoglycemia, insulin is prohibited from introducing an ambulance worker at the prehospital level, who cannot control glycemia.
True, recently -recently many mobile devices, glycometers, designed to measure blood sugar, have appeared.
But, first, the reliability of glycometers sometimes leaves a lot of desired.
And second, as mentioned, the introduction of delayed insulin is not as scary as the overdose.
It should be noted that insulin used to treat diabetes is not homogeneous.
It can be a pig, a cow (derived from clogged animal pancreas) and humans, synthesized by genetic engineering.
Insulin is not the same in terms of action.If necessary to reduce glycemia as soon as possible, short insulin is introduced.The effect occurs quickly, for the first 15-20 minutes, but does not last long.
Insulin average period and advanced action are designed to create the necessary glycemic background during the day.The type of insulin and their combination are also prescribed by endocrinologists, depending on certain clinical conditions.
Saharasses
If insulin is only produced in the form of injection solution (it is destroyed on the gastrointestinal tract), then the amount of sugar -down drug is represented by the tablet for internal intake.
Keep in mind that insulin and sugar agents for diabetes cannot be changed.
More precisely, insulin is only effective with diabetes on top of 1 type of mellitus.
And all agents are used only for 2 types of insulin diseases.This type is based on relative insulin deficiency.This means that the amount of insulin generated by the pancreas is normal, or even increased.But he's still gone.
This occurs with obesity in old age, as the amount of adipose tissue increases, and the capacity of the human body is low.
There are several types of sugar tablets.All of them in one way or another -can change the course of biochemical reactions, and thus stimulate the production of insulin with beta cells.
At some point, beta cells are depleted, insulin deficiency is relatively absolute, and there is a need for further transition to insulin treatment.
Sometimes the basic diabetes mellitus can increase the production of contrainsular thyroid hormones, adrenal glands, and pituitary glands.The action of these hormones is contrary to the insulin - they increase the glucose level in the blood.
After high levels of codloxular hormones are confirmed by laboratory methods, special injection agents that control their levels are set.
Glucose
It turns out that glucose in diabetes is no less important than insulin.This is especially true for severe forms of disease.
Introduction of glucose in a timely manner atA hypoglycemic state- This is a problem of life and death.After all, blood sugar levels need to be raised as soon as possible.For this, 40% concentrated glucose is given intravenously with syringe.
IfPatients are aware, they gave him a warm tea drink with sugar.
But hyperglycemia (high sugar) also requires glucose administration.
The point is that glucose accumulates in plasma in large quantities.But the cells do not receive this glucose.The pathological mechanism of glyoogenesis is launched - the synthesis of glucose from fat and protein, which is intensively described.
To prevent it from happening, glucose is introduced intravenously as part of a polarization called a mixture.The mixture includes 5% glucose, insulin, and one of the potassium drugs.Insulin contributes to the penetration of glucose into the cage, and at the same time "attracts" potassium with it.This is the most important intracellular element that controls almost all metabolic processes in the cell.
Another condition when glucose is important to increase urine emission in diabetes, urethics diabetes.
It is caused by high blood plasma concentrations and secondary renal damage.Glucose disappears along with urine.In this case, a false positive picture - the blood glucose level is reduced without insulin.
In fact, this is a potentially dangerous condition called endocrinology with "scissors" because of the conflict between laboratory guidance and objective data.The only way to avoid this "scissors" is in the administration of timely glucose solutions.
Certification and alkali
Urinalism is, first of all, loss of fluid, which quickly leads to dehydration or dehydration.In addition, excess glucose in the blood transforms into a ketone body (acetone and other compounds) with acidic reactions.
This process is called ketoacidosis.
It runs very difficult, and if no treatment ends sadly.Dehydration and ketoacidosis burden each other.
To eliminate dehydration, rehydration is carried out - the addition of fluid deficiency.Reedation for diabetes involves large -scale, up to 3 liters a day or more, intravenous absorption of various solutions.
In addition to the above glucose, regular sodium chloride solution (saline) is given, as well as other solutions containing sodium, chlorine, magnesium, potassium ions.
Reproduction of fluid deficiency normalizes acid and basic balance in the body, and largely eliminates acidity in tissues - acidosis.An effective way to combat acidosis is the absorption of sterile alkaline solution.These include sodium bicarbonate, or, simply, soda.If the patient's condition allows, it is preferred to drink alkali in the form of alkaline mineral waters.
Other remedies
Diabetes mellitus is a systemic disease.This means that pathology is not limited to the pancreas only - one way or another, almost all organs and tissues suffer.For the most part, this is due to diabetes angiopathy - blood vessel and capillary wounds.
At the same time, the blood circulation in the vessels and capillaries is disrupted, leading to the secondary lesions of the internal organs - in particular, the retina of the eye (retinopathy) and the kidneys (nephropathy).To eliminate angiopathy, the administration of intravenous drops of various drugs that improve systemic blood circulation are carried out.
In line with these drugs, certain effects of effects are prescribed that affect the metabolic processes in nerve fibers.
Violations of blood circulation in the capillary network are often complicated by trophic ulcers with major localization in the lower leg.
This ulcer treatment requires the use of local antiseptic and antibiotics.Diabetes patients are more frequent than other illnesses with cardiovascular-uterosclerosis, hypertension, complicated angina pectoris by myocardial infarction.
In the treatment of this disease, cardiotics are used, which positively affects the myocardium, antasterosclerotic and hypotension (reducing blood pressure).With diabetes, it is not only appropriate, but it is also necessary to take a variety of vitamin-mineral complexes in the form of pharmaceutical drugs and biologically active foods.
Diet for diabetes
Proper nutrition in the treatment of diabetes is just as important as medicine.Failure to adhere to the diet reduces the effectiveness of these drugs to zero.This is especially true for the first type of diabetes, where a slight error in nutrition is full of serious consequences.Basic requirements for dietary diet diet:
- Intake of food fractions in small portions 4-5 times;
- A balanced ratio of protein, fat and carbohydrates;
- The number of calories received with food should be the same as the number used;
- With obesity - overweight weight loss.
In this case, carbohydrates are easy to digest, fatty meat, sugar -gula, strong tea, coffee, butter, grapes are contraindicated.From white bread - black, not sugar - sugar -substitutes for diabetic patients.
Priority in the diet should be given to cereals (buckwheat, oats, wheat), light vegetable soup, fresh vegetables.The diet for each patient is developed individually by a dietitian.
Conclusion
Of course, this article is not necessarily instructions for yourself, which can be expensive with diabetes with diabetes.Keep in mind that it is impossible to cure diabetes mellitus that depends entirely on insulin.Regretted, but facts.But proper, normal, protective regime, food and physical restrictions will help return to full life and avoid unwanted complications.